Human Immunodeficiency Viruses (HIV) are responsible for millions of infections worldwide. By causing the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), these pathogens have led to nearly 40 million deaths since the outbreak of the HIV pandemic in the 1980s. For decades, scientists have been researching possible antiviral therapeutics, and effective drugs are now available for those infected. However, it is the combination of multiple antivirals with different targets which has revolutionized HIV therapy, and new drugs are continuously needed to combat drug resistance.
“In our study, we’re introducing a possible new target to stay one step ahead of HIV and other potentially zoonotic retroviruses,” says Redmond Smyth. Smyth heads a research group at the Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI) in Würzburg, a site of the Braunschweig Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) in cooperation with the Julius-Maximilians-Universität (JMU) Würzburg, and has led the current study.
“Our new method can distinguish the structural variations between highly similar RNAs, even those created through splicing,” explains Patrick Bohn, a PhD student in the Smyth lab. The researcher is the co-first author of the study, which was published today in the journal Nature Methods.
Splicing is a biological process that, in a sense, refines a cell's genetic blueprint present in the original messenger RNA for subsequent translation into new proteins. “In higher organisms, splicing generates protein diversity, but our findings indicate that it can also contribute to the biological function by producing novel RNA structures,” Bohn says.
Very similar yet different
The current findings were obtained by improving a technology to measure how RNA is folded in the cell. Many scientists have attempted to study structures of spliced and unspliced HIV-1 RNA, but this has been challenging because previous technologies only measured RNA structure in small fragments. Scientists at the HIRI have now applied long read sequencing to study RNA structure across the full length of the RNA molecule, and used it to show how the HIV-1 virus selects its full-length RNA for packaging into viral particles.
“We unveiled that HIV-1 RNA folds very differently when spliced—a discovery that reveals the importance of studying biological processes taking into account the complex native environment,” says Anne-Sophie Gribling-Burrer, who is a post-doctoral researcher and co-first author on the paper. As a result, spliced versions of HIV-1 RNA were shown not to be packaged. “Spliced RNAs do not have some of the structural features that are required for being packaged, thus providing a mechanism of packaging selectivity and affecting the replication of the virus,” Gribling-Burrer explains.
“Understanding this mechanism is a key step in developing new antivirals against a wide range of retroviruses,” states Redmond Smyth. Besides that, the researchers believe their method will be useful to a broad field of molecular biologists in vastly different areas in the future.
Technical Background
Single-stranded RNA can fold into complex structures by base pairing. Genome-wide measurements of RNA structure can be obtained using reagents that react with unpaired bases, leading to adducts that can be identified by mutational profiling on next generation sequencing machines. One drawback of these experiments is that short sequencing reads can rarely be mapped to specific transcript isoforms. Consequently, information is acquired as a population average in regions that are shared between transcripts thus blurring the underlying structural landscape.
In their study, scientists at the Helmholtz Institute Würzburg introduce nanopore dimethyl-sulfate mutational profiling (Nano-DMS-MaP), a method that provides isoform resolved structural information of highly similar RNA molecules.
About HIV
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) belongs to the large family of retroviruses. These viruses are protein-coated, and their genome is made of single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA). HIV-1 and HIV-2 are the two variants of the virus known to infect humans. The present study addresses HIV-1, which represents more than 90 percent of all infections. It is highly probable that infections have their origin in a zoonosis: Zoonotic viruses are pathogens that are mutually contagious between humans and animals.
Splicing
Splicing is a process by which the non-coding segments of genes—known as introns, that are not used to produce proteins—are being removed from the original messenger RNA. This leaves behind only the coding segments, called exons, which are then rejoined to one another. The process creates a mature messenger RNA template, i.e. the blueprint for new proteins, which is ready for protein synthesis.
Original publication
Bohn P, Gribling-Burrer A-S, Ambi UB, Smyth RP (2023)
Nano-DMS-MaP-seq allows isoform specific RNA structure determination
Nature Methods, DOI: 10.1038/s41592-023-01862-7
