Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of death and disease in the Western world. In Germany, about 300,000 people each year suffer a heart attack and some 270,000 a stroke as a result of the condition. Atherosclerosis is estimated to be responsible for a little more than half of all deaths in these countries.
Publication in Circulation Research
Searching for the disease triggers, scientists from the University of Würzburg and the Würzburg University Hospital have now made a step forward: For the first time, they closely examined the immune cell populations in the affected vessels which play a significant role in the pathogenesis.
"We used single-cell RNA sequencing to identify three different macrophage populations that could influence the development of atherosclerosis in different ways. This includes a macrophage population that has not been described previously," Clement Cochain sums up the central result of the recently published study. These populations were encountered in different disease stages of atherosclerosis as well as in different disease models.
The study was conducted by Prof Alma Zernecke-Madsen and her team at the Department of Experimental Biomedicine II at the Würzburg University Hospital in close cooperation with Dr Emmanuel Saliba and his team at the Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), established at University of Würzburg in 2017 as a branch of the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI).
Plaques with fatal consequences
The risk factors for atherosclerosis are well known and include a high fat diet, lack of physical activity and smoking. But there are still a lot of unresolved questions about what exactly happens inside the affected blood vessels. The disease often begins with tiny damages of the interior vessel wall that lead to chronic inflammation.
Subsequently, fats and other constituents of the blood are deposited in the vessel walls, and immune cells from the blood migrate to the damaged area where they produce signalling substances to summon more immune cells. This leads to the formation of the so-called atherosclerotic plaques which increasingly clog the blood vessels.
An exact image of the cells involved
"It has already been suspected that different macrophage subsets are at work in atherosclerotic vessels where they assume different tasks," Clement Cochain and Alma Zernecke-Madsen explain. In the past, however, scientists always failed to identify them because the suitable markers were not available. The use of single-cell RNA sequencing has now allowed the Würzburg team to be more successful: This technique isolates the RNA molecules from individual single cells and analyses them using next-generation sequencing. "The data delivered by this method provide information on the gene expression fingerprint of each individual cell and give insight into their specific functions," Emmanuel Saliba says.
Aorta cell samples analysed
The scientists took cell samples from healthy and atherosclerotic aortas and sequenced them. They identified two types of macrophages, monocytes and so-called monocyte-derived dendritic cells, only in diseased vessels. In healthy vessels, they found local macrophages and several other immune cells.
As part of the immune system, monocytes circulate in the blood stream before migrating into the tissue to differentiate further to specific tissue macrophages. They are also part of the cell-mediated immune response and reside in the human body for several months. According to the scientists, the new data provide a hitherto unknown picture of the immune cells in atherosclerotic plaques during atherosclerosis. "These findings open up new possibilities to study these cell populations and their respective functions during atherosclerosis in greater detail now," Alma Zernecke-Madsen says.
Original publication:
Clément Cochain, Ehsan Vafadarnejad, Panagiota Arampatzi, Jaroslav Pelisek, Holger Winkels, Klaus Ley, Dennis Wolf, Antoine-Emmanuel Saliba, Alma Zernecke: Single-Cell RNA-Seq Reveals the Transcriptional Landscape and Heterogeneity of Aortic Macrophages in Murine Atherosclerosis. Circulation Research, 2018, DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.312509
